Public Administration Through Different Forms Of Management

The major theme prevalent throughout this week’s readings is a detailed look at the study of public administration through different forms of management. The two main forms of management discussed in the passages by Shafritz Hyde (2012) and Chester Barnard (1968) are scientific management and human relations school of management. The theory of scientific management, first introduced by Frederick W. Taylor (1912, pp. 37-39) proposes that the driving force behind a man’s work is receiving a monetary reward. On the other hand the theory of human relations, as suggested by Mary Parker Follet (1926, pp. 58-65) and later validated by the Hawthorne experiments conducted in the 1930s (Shafritz and Hyde, 2012) propose that the driving force†¦show more content†¦He (Barnard, 1968, pp. 65-81, 114-123, 186-199, 215-234) emphasized on the point that there was a mutually dependent relationship between a formal and informal organization, and in order to achieve a successful running organization (whether formal or informal) the executive/superior should ensure that both the needs of the organization as well as the needs of the empl oyee are met equally. William Willoughby (1918, pp. 40-43), did prominent work in the field of public administration. One of his most prominent work is on budgetary reform. Willoughby shared a similar school of thought as Frederick Taylor, based on the principles of scientific management. Both Willoughby and Taylor, through their own school of thoughts concluded on the same point that the driving force behind management/administrative/individual ultimately is monetary/financial. Years later came along the Luther Gulick, with the â€Å"Theory of Organization† (1937, pp. 81-89), who again shared Frederick Taylor’s ideology of taking a scientific approach to management. Gulick (1937, pp. 81-89) was famously known for his mnemonic on the seven major functions of management: â€Å"planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.† Weber’s work on bureaucracy (1922, pp. 44-49) is considered the basis for the subject. Weber’s main idea of organizations being

The Eyes And Touched The Crescent Moonstone Of Her...

Britta closed her eyes and touched the crescent moonstone of her necklace. The usual disorientation when entering a memory enveloped her but quickly faded. She opened her eyes, and her surroundings appeared as they had before. But now she was alone. At first, doubt clouded her thoughts. In the few times has used the necklace with Gall’s supervision, she discovered that the memory world using it seemed more vivid and crisp than when using her innate abilities. But not by much. How different would the memory appear if it was old? She had to leave that question for another time, for the memory residual she was in was still potent, being only from the night before. Footsteps approach from behind. She quickly slipped into the shadows cast by the stairs. A figure rushed past. Dressed in a gray robe, a young girl with straw-colored hair stopped and turned to look back the way she came. A dark figure glided down the steps holding a sword with a blade that glimmered in a translucent fashion. A wave of fear and nausea coursed through Britta. She started to reach for the necklace to break the connection. A shout echoed down the stairs, â€Å"Drakar! Leave her to me.† He sheathed his weapon and turned away. Nausea and fear subsided. Another figure came into view, dressed in black. Faline, appearing as she had in Gall’s memory, descended the stairs, a crooked smile on her face. The girl raised her arms to defend herself, but Faline extended an arm, and the girl clutched at own her throat,

Role of Government in Capitalism Free Essays

Free market capitalism is a system of  economics  that minimizes government intervention and maximizes the role of the  market. A free market economy is based on supply and demand with little or no government control. A completely free market is an idealized form of a market economy where buyers and sellers are allowed to transact freely (i. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Government in Capitalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. buy/sell/trade) based on a mutual agreement on price without state intervention in the form of taxes, subsidies or regulation. Government  regulations, trade barriers, and labor laws are generally thought to distort the market. In practice, no country or jurisdiction has a completely free market. How Much Government is needed in the free capitalism arena? Should we expand our faith in free market capitalism, or do we need government intervention in each and every aspect of business economy? The role of government just considered is to do something that the market cannot do for itself, namely, to determine, arbitrate, and enforce the rules of the game. Railroads, Parks, Highways are an excellent example. A good society requires that its members agree on the general conditions that will govern relations among them. The basic roles of government in a free society is to provide a means whereby we can modify the rules, to mediate differences among us on the meaning of the rules, and to enforce compliance with the rules. According to Adam Smith, self-interest (not selfishness), property rights and division of labor are three important interrelated pillars of economic growth. Some of the market values include the below and the failure can happen if we miss any of the below qualities. * Discipline * Honesty and trustworthiness * Tolerance * Cooperation * Courtesy * Enterprise * Responsibility Market failure occurs due to many reasons. Some of those reasons are: * Monopoly power * When producers do not fully bear total costs of products or are unable to capture all benefits of producing products. * When there is a common property resource. Common property is nobody’s property, hence the property is misused. * Lack of information, misinformation or asymmetry of information. * Risk and/or uncertainty * Economic Bubbles * Environmental Pollution. * Exploitation of Workers. * Unsafe and Ineffective Products. * Corporate Fraud and Theft. * Neglect of Public Goods. * Neglect of Social and Public Investments. * Hidden Information. * Inability to Plan. Boom and Bust Cycles. * Lack of Markets. * Poverty and Economic Inequality. * Lack of Opportunity and Economic Mobility. There are a host of other areas where free markets will not work efficiently and promote public welfare without some government intervention. For example, areas of product safety, workplace safety, airwaves allocation, oil and gas exploration. There fore government intervention is essential for the working of free and competitive markets. Role of a government in a market economy should: * Provide a legal system to make and enforce laws and to protect private property rights. Provide public goods that individuals or private businesses would not provide. * Correct market failures such as external costs and economic slowdown (unemployment) * Maintain competition by regulating monopolies * Stabilize the economy by reducing unemployment and inflation and promoting economic growth. We can give two great examples where government intervention is needed 2001 dot. com bubble and subprime mortgage crisis. For 2001 . com bubble, government has to step in and put some regulations in the market to curb the crisis. In late 2008 US financial markets seemed near collapse. The financial community’s near collapse had been most directly ignited by the subprime mortgage crisis; a situation in which the nation’s housing bubble burst and millions of Americans were no longer able to pay their home mortgages. Lending had essentially frozen. A great name in banking, Lehman Brothers, went bankrupt while Wall Street powers Bear Stearns and Merrill Lynch, facing failure, were sold. One estimate is that the total Federal Reserve aid package, at its peak, reached $3. 3 trillion. Through its Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and other initiatives, the government assisted companies considered â€Å"too big to fail. The government undertook various stimulative measures including tax breaks, bond sales, and direct injections of federal money to prop up the badly faltering economy. In a centerpiece of the stimulus effort, about $800 billion was spent on such projects as road construction, extension of unemployment benefits, help to states in meeting Me dicaid costs, and high-speed rail transportation. National unemployment was in the 10 percent range, and the government decided to use all of its powers to quickly build jobs and otherwise rescue the economy to avert a total crash. Some of the government programs might put the country in more and more debt situation and for example cash for first-time homeowners, cash for clunkers, payroll tax reductions a year at a time, Obama Care, subsidies for electric vehicles, cash for investments in green energy, taxes on medical devices, a Fed that now is not just managing inflation, but also trying to improve the economy through artificially low interest rates over a very long period of time and a major increase in new regulations. All of these interventions have impacts on the costs of products and services, prices of those products and services. Even biggest democratic countries like India are planning to privatize lot of government sectors for example trash, transportation. The government currently ties a noose around the neck of the free market in a multitude of ways. It has rules and regulations, favors to special interest groups, currency debasement by inflating the money supply etc. , All these things disrupt the free market. There is no doubt that government alone cannot make an economy work for the betterment of all its citizens. It does need to partner with a  progressive  private sector to make that happen. Limited government and show the presence wherever needed, makes government the strongest ally in the business world and we can create a better business together. References: http://books. cat-v. org/economics/capitalism-and-freedom/chapter_02 http://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0073525006/928301/McAdams_10e_Chapter_1. pdf http://www. governmentisgood. com/articles. php? aid=13;print=1 How to cite Role of Government in Capitalism, Essay examples

Hero Worship Essay Research Paper Hero Worship free essay sample

Hero Worship Essay, Research Paper Hero Worship When asked to raise up descriptions of a hero or gallantry, many people would conceive of similar scenes. The firemans drawing a household from a firing edifice, a soldier salvaging his platoon from certain decease, deliverance workers drawing a isolated mountain climber from a unstable shelf, and the Knights of the Round Table salvaging a demoiselle in hurt, are all illustrations of the # 8220 ; common # 8221 ; hero. Many people display gallantry in mundane life but are seldom recognized either by their equals or by the media. Heroism can be traced back in clip every bit early as mythology has been present. Peoples of that epoch felt a demand to idolize super-beings who could work out their jobs. Current illustrations reflecting that age are apparent on telecasting today. Both # 8220 ; Hercules # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Xena: The Warrior Princess # 8221 ; are of all time present to salvage the provincials from the immorality and craft warlords. We will write a custom essay sample on Hero Worship Essay Research Paper Hero Worship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mythological heroes had their workss exaggerated as the narratives were passed by word of oral cavity from individual to individual. Narrators have ever felt a demand to invigorate up their narratives and as they passed them from coevals to coevals, the narratives continued to turn. Everyone knows what gallantry is, but depicting it can be hard. Gallantry, heroism, courage, and bravery are all traits usually associated with gallantry. For the people who risk or sacrifice their ain lives in an Acts of the Apostless of altruism, these words are accurate in depicting gallantry. Few would challenge that a individual who pulls another from a firing flipped-over auto ready to detonate does demo gallantry. The intelligence media is ever looking for Acts of the Apostless of gallantry as they make for capturing intelligence. Just late, a 4th class male child grabbed the wheel of a school coach after it was involved in an accident. This male child may hold saved the lives of the kids loaded on the school coach by forestalling the coach from staggering out of control. Because of the unusual fortunes of this incident, the media justly focused on this kid as a hero. Many other signifiers of gallantry do non suit this really compendious definition. The school instructor who has the rare ability to turn pupils around and forestall them from throwing their lives off is one illustration. Another illustration is the counsellor who spends excess clip and transforms a drug nut into a utile individual in society. The physician, who has the bravery to stand up and shout kid maltreatment when others are soundless, is another instance. The people in these three illustrations all have one thing in common ; they may hold saved a person’s life. The pupil who does non analyze and turns to offense, the drug nut who overdoses on drugs, the kid that is delivered to a new lovingness place, all had their lives saved by one of these obscure heroes. Many would reason that these heroes do this as portion of their occupation and this is what they are supposed to make. None of these saved lives would hold happened without these professionals demoing gallantry every twenty-four hours. It takes committedness, heroism, bravery and sometimes bravery to step up and travel a little farther than normal. When person pulls a kid from a combustion house that individual is called a hero. What about the individual who, instead than running into the house, runs to a telephone and calls the fire section who, in bend, rescues everybody? Is this individual non a hero? If this individual had non had the common sense to name the fire section and rushed in alternatively, the consequences might hold been different and lives may hold been lost. Sometimes being a hero does non affect put on the lining one # 8217 ; s ain life, but non put on the lining the lives of others. Many consider and name athletics aces heroes. Does go throughing for a touchdown in the Super Bowl, hitting a game winning place tally, or doing the winning shooting in the NCAA tourney, make person a hero? Did they risk their ain lives in assisting others? Did they save person # 8217 ; s life from ruin? There may be several other footings to name these aces, but to name them heroes or to depict their actions as demoing gallantry is pathetic. They may make other deeds off from the athletics that could gain them this differentiation, but on the playing field it is difficult to conceive of them lifting to the degree of a hero. Heroism is shown in many varied state of affairss. The individual who can do a split 2nd determination to salvage person is no uncertainty heroic. What does this state about the individual who has clip to make up ones mind a class of action and volitionally helps person? These types of heroes, the dedicated instructor, surrogate parents, counsellors and a myriad of other illustrations, may demo the most gallantry of all by taking to salvage a life. It is black that we do non acknowledge these people more frequently and have these narratives told by the media and equals. They may be the greatest heroes of all.